village, but neither can it be denied that an unfavorable effect on income distribution between tubewell owners and non-owners was created. Another problem of private tubewells is the detrimental effect on the environment, because unplanned pumping up of groundwater has been encouraged. Thus, the level of groundwater table is falling year by year, with serious effects, such as increased costs for raising water, and wells for drinking water drying up, being seen in some areas.
The most serious criticism relating to the 'green revolution' is that it has not been applied to the rainfed areas where water control is difficult. Seventy percent of land in India has no irrigation, and in these areas infrastructure, such as roads, markets, electricity supply, banks and schools, which strongly promote the diffusion of the 'green revolution', have been underdeveloped (4) However, a strong opinion against these criticisms was recently presented. This opinion is that the priority of investment in research and development should not be shifted to unfavorable areas (coarse grains, root and tuber crops etc.) because the regional disparity is actually minimized by the adjustment of labor markets and the production adjustment suitable to each region (5) However, I would like to present two points for further consideration. Firstly, adjustment of labor markets is hard because in many cases it is difficult for people to be transferred. Secondly, the mechanisms is not clear enough, in which economic activity (production/processing of non-rice crops or rural industry) emerges to support the region which has been bypassed by the 'green revolution'. The second point means the conflict of two hypotheses. One is that the 'green revolution', through its forward 'backward linkages and final demand effects, create non-agricultural working opportunities within the area. The other is that the 'subsistence pressure' of the labor supply side is important for the creation of the non-agricultural working opportunities in the area (6)
Finally, I would like to mention about the relationship between the land tenure system and agricultural productivity. Where large-scale farms and/or tenants exist widely due to unequal distribution of land ownership, the issue is whether such land tenure system could be a factor in depressing the agricultural productivity
